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How to Plan for Peace: Paris Peace Conference 1919

Album Description

World Leaders met formally to discuss peace and how to manage international connections after The Great War, and many people documented it through photographs, newspaper articles and more on the ups and downs of brokering peace. Sources discussing the conversations and how they evolved and how Woodrow Wilson used his  plan for a "League of Nations" to meet under his terms. This album will also connect the various sides of the conversations and how different people responded to this new notion of international peace.

Main topics:

  • World responses to the leaders' plans as they were documented.
  • Moments where a leader's belief could not be wavered.
  • images that connect the end of the war and the hope it could bring.

This album is a work in progress as part of the TPS Leadership Institute Course Fall 2023. I am the Director of Education and Engagement at the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library, and will be enhancing this album with documents from our collection including letters and diaries from those who surrounded Woodrow Wilson.

“Answers to Questions About the League of Nations,” 1919 September 18.png

Teaching Notes

(Use this in conjunction with earlier "Answers to Questions about the Peace Conference" document from January 1919.)

Questions to ask: What is the press asking Woodrow Wilson now? Why is this important?

Consider previous research on Wilson and reporters; how does this coincide with how Wilson manages press questions?

Reference link: https://presidentwilson.org/items/show/34320

Reference note

These statements are made by Woodrow Wilson in response to the San Francisco League of Nations Committee to be released to the papers for print in September 1919. Woodrow Wilson is on his Western Tour at this point, pushing for the League of Nations. 

Wilson, Woodrow, 1856-1924, “Answers to Questions About the League of Nations,” 1919 September 18, WWP20677, Woodrow Wilson Press Statements, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

Grayson Diary Entry March 27 1919.png

Teaching Notes

This diary entry from Dr. Cary Grayson shows the conversations Woodrow Wilson had with Georges Clemenceau and how the French delegation disagreed with much of Wilson's plan for peace, especially in the diplomatic way Germany was to be treated. 

This entry also expresses the disappointment Woodrow Wilson is feeling in his meetings with the Big Four.

In addition, Cary Grayson's diary often included actual moments of how Woodrow Wilson managed the presidency while being across the ocean, including this entry that includes an official statement Wilson wrote to give to the press on how the conversations were going, and includes the official "Insert."

Teaching Method: This is a good additional insight into the daily planning from the eyes of an outside observer. Primary source analysis could include evaluating this against other sources from the time (contextualizing):

What was happening at the time? (contextualize)
• What claims are being made? What evidence
and arguments are made to support those
claims? (closely read)
• Who is behind the information? (source)
• What do other sources say? (corroborate)

Reference link: http://presidentwilson.org/items/show/18816

Reference note

Grayson, Cary T. (Cary Travers), 1878-1938, “Cary T. Grayson Diary,” 1919 March 27, WWP17117, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

Quick Guide to Digital Researching for the WWPL Online Collection

Teaching Notes

Use this guide created by the education staff at the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library to begin your journey into searching more into their collection.

Amendments and Reservations of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 9/7/1919

Teaching Notes

This shows a first draft of what the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations wanted out of the Peace Treaty brought home by Woodrow Wilson. Note the call outs and changes requested.

This document shows the beginning of the journey of treaty ratification process between Congress and the President.

Teaching Method to use: https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/teachers/getting-started-with-primary-sources/documents/Analyzing_Books_and_Other_Printed_Texts.pdf 

Reference link: https://presidentwilson.org/items/show/22352

Reference note

Senate Committee of Foreign Relations, “Amendments and Reservations,” 1919 September 7, WWP15842, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

Ray Stannard Baker "Should the United States Remain Outside the League of Nations" 1920 June 8

Teaching Notes

Analyzing arguments about America in the League of Nations - compare this to some of the other documents in the album about feelings on the League. 

Note the date is June 8, 1920.

Baker was Wilson's press secretary at Versailles.

Reference link: https://presidentwilson.org/items/show/22139

Reference note

Baker, Ray Stannard, 1870-1946, “Should the United States Remain Outside the League of Nations?,” 1920 June 8, WWP16267, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

“The First Assembly of the League of Nations,” 1920 December 30

Teaching Notes

This is a first hand account of the first assembly of the League of Nations. This long document could be used by teachers to pull phrases and other language elements to discuss where Wilson's dream of the league came from, and how successful it was, who was there, etc.

  English/Language Arts    Social Studies/History    9 - 12    13+    Treaty    League of Nations    Peace Treaty    International Diplomacy  

Reference link: https://presidentwilson.org/items/show/22337

Reference note

Sweetser, Arthur, 1888-1968, “The First Assembly of the League of Nations,” 1920 December 30, WWP16324, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

The treaty of Versailles, American opinion.

Teaching Notes

Teaching Method: Analyzing a printed source material: https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/teachers/getting-started-with-primary-sources/documents/Analyzing_Books_and_Other_Printed_Texts.pdf or Analyzing Manuscripts.

Alternative method: compare to another text of a speech on various responses to the Treaty of Versailles: 43036001

Reference link: http://www.loc.gov/item/19014813/

Reference note

Created / Published

  • Boston, Mass., Old Colony trust company [c1919]

Notes

  • -  Also available in digital form.

Response to the Treaty of Versailles from the Hon. Philander Chase Knox

Teaching Notes

Teaching method: Analyzing Text: https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/teachers/getting-started-with-primary-sources/documents/Analyzing_Books_and_Other_Printed_Texts.pdf

Further questions to consider:

  • Compare this response to Wilson's work on the Treaty of Versailles 
  • Compare this response to other responses to the Treaty of Versailles, such as this: 19014813 "The Treaty of Versailles, American Opinion."

Reference link: http://www.loc.gov/item/43036001/

Reference note

Created / Published

  • Washington, [Govt. print. off.] 1919.

Notes

  • -  Also available in digital form.

Address to Congress, January 8, 1918; Wilson's final "Fourteen Points Speech"

Teaching Notes

This is the final draft of Wilson's Fourteen Points speech he gave to congress in 1918. Things to note for a lesson:

  • There is no known recording of this speech, but it is written from Wilson's actual notes.
  • Wilson was his own speech writer, and so the words spoken here are his own
  • The Fourteen Points are in fact bulleted out
  • This speech is done a full year before Wilson heads to Paris for the peace conference, and 11 months before the war ends. This speech was also given 8 months after America entered the war.

Teaching Methods:

Analyze a manuscript with TPS: https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/teachers/getting-started-with-primary-sources/documents/Analyzing_Manuscripts.pdf

Advanced Teaching Method: "Compare and Contrast" speech with final treaty: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x004399666&seq=57 (Link outside of LOC and WWPL)

  • Did anything change?
  • Did Wilson get all he wanted? 
  • Was anything added?
  • Consider the language and how it changed

Reference link: http://presidentwilson.org/items/show/22057

Reference note

Fourteen Points Speech: Wilson, Woodrow, 1856-1924, “Address to Congress,” 1918 January 8, WWP22190, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

Final Printing of Official Treaty of Versailles, courtesy of Babel Hathitrust: United States., Bevans, C. I. (Charles Irving)., United States. Department of State. (196876). Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949. [Washington: Dept. of State; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off..

Woodrow Wilson's handwritten speech on November 11, 1918

Teaching Notes

Handwritten Armistice Day Statement made for November 11, 1918. 

Compare this to the language Wilson uses in 1923 after he has left office and gives a radio address.

Reference link: http://www.loc.gov/resource/mss46029.mss46029-478_0018_1212/?sp=566&r=-0.966,0.017,2.931,1.343,0

Reference note

Created / Published
Genre

  • Manuscripts

Repository

  • Manuscript Division

Digital Id

Grayson Diary Entry June 28 1919 The Signing of the Treaty of Versailles.png

Teaching Notes

Grayson Diary Entry about the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

Main lesson: Comparing multiple resources activity (Analyzing Multiple Perspectives)

  • Do main documents analysis (Observe, Reflect, Question)
  • Complete a "Circle of Viewpoints" activity by connecting various audiences, main focuses of the event itself. 
    • Who was involved?
    • Who was affected by it?
    • Who might care?
  • compare to similar documents from the day of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles (Links to be added)
    • Ask the Circle of Viewpoints for these other documents
    • Establish similarities and differences among these sources
    • Ask why it is important to look at different sources from the event of the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.

  9 - 12    13+    Social Studies/History    Multiple Perspectives    Treaty    Diplomacy  

Reference link: http://presidentwilson.org/items/show/18908

Reference note

Grayson, Cary T. (Cary Travers), 1878-1938, “Cary T. Grayson Diary,” 1919 June 28, WWP17210, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

Grayson Diary January 13 1919 comment about Wilson's commanding presence.png

Teaching Notes

Grayson's diary entry about day 2 of the Paris Peace Conference with the Supreme War Council, and commenting on Wilson's ability to lead meetings.

Teaching Method: Document Analysis

Observe

  • Describe what you see?
  • What do you notice first

Reflect

  • Why do you think this was made?
  • Who do you think was intended to read it, if anyone?
  • What do you think as happening when this was created?

Question

  • What do you still wonder about?

Bonus: Click on the link to observe the handwritten version of the diary versus the typed version. What differences do you see?

Reference link: http://presidentwilson.org/items/show/18754

Reference note

Grayson, Cary T. (Cary Travers), 1878-1938, “Cary T. Grayson Diary,” 1919 January 13, WWP17034, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

Cary Grayson Diary Entry of First Meeting in Paris Peace Conference, January 12, 1919

Teaching Notes

This is the first meeting of anyone in Paris specifically for the Paris Peace Conference.

Teaching Method: Document Analysis

Observe

  • Describe what you see?
  • What do you notice first

Reflect

  • Why do you think this was made?
  • Who do you think was intended to read it, if anyone?
  • What do you think as happening when this was created?

Question

  • What do you still wonder about?

Bonus: Click on the link to observe the handwritten version of the diary versus the typed version. What differences do you see?

  6 - 8    9 - 12    13+    Social Studies/History    Diary    Peace    Conference    Diplomacy  

Reference link: http://presidentwilson.org/items/show/18753

Reference note

Grayson, Cary T. (Cary Travers), 1878-1938, “Cary T. Grayson Diary,” 1919 January 12, WWP17033, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

Info on Grayson's Diary in general:

The papers of Cary T. Grayson, personal physician and friend of Woodrow Wilson, came to the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library in 2005, initially as a loan. They were formally donated to the WWPL by the Grayson family in Dec. 2008. Additional gifts of papers were made by the Grayson family in succeeding years, which were eventually incorporated into the larger collection.

Compiled over Dr. Grayson’s colorful life, the collection covers every aspect of Grayson’s military service, career, family life, and personal interests. It is arranged in 13 series (listed below), many with their own finding aids. The largest series, Correspondence (40 linear feet), includes letters and other documents from thousands of individuals. It is clear that Dr. Grayson realized that he had a unique window on the historical events of his era, and he kept everything from seating charts and menus of state dinners to newspaper clippings and family calendars. He wrote diary entries while in Europe with President Wilson for the Paris Peace Conference and scribbled notes after the President was stricken with a stroke in 1919. The bulk of the papers date from 1907-1938, but the collection includes documents from as early as 1864 and as late as 2008.

The evening world. [volume], January 08, 1918, Final Edition, Image 1

Teaching Notes

"Evening World" from January 8, 1918 that shows Wilson's Fourteen Points beliefs began far before the war ended. 

The language Wilson used in his speech and how the media reported it can be compared to what he actually takes to the Peace Conference a year later in 1919. 

  6 - 8    9 - 12    13+    Library     Social Studies/History    Newspaper    FourteenPoints    Presidents    Speech  

Reference link: https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1918-01-08/ed-1/seq-1/

Reference note

Newspaper: The evening world. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1887-1931
Newspaper Link: https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1918-01-08/ed-1/seq-1/#words=Wilson+League+Geneva
Image provided by: The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundation
PDF Link: https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030193/1918-01-08/ed-1/seq-1/#words=Wilson+League+Geneva.pdf

“Answers to Questions at the Paris Peace Conference,” 1919 January 14.png

Teaching Notes

Teaching questions for students: What questions are reporters asking? Why does this matter in the first days of the conference? How is Wilson responding? Why do you think they are handwritten responses?

What do you think this document is?

Bonus: Handwriting analysis- can you convey any emotion on the handwriting style?

Further research beyond the Paris Peace Conference: Look into how Woodrow Wilson handles the press. Does this document coincide with anything you learned?

Reference link: https://presidentwilson.org/items/show/22355

Reference note

Handwritten responses from Woodrow Wilson to possibly reporter's questions once the conference actually begins.

Wilson, Woodrow, 1856-1924, “Answers to Questions at the Paris Peace Conference,” 1919 January 14, WWP15608, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

Who is this Wilson?

Teaching Notes

Teaching Strategy: Analyzing Political Cartoons

Using the document provided by the LOC on analyzing political cartoons (as it is one of my favorites): https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/teachers/getting-started-with-primary-sources/documents/Analyzing_Political_Cartoons.pdf 

Another teaching strategy for older students who may know who Napoleon is: "Zoom in Inquiry" Separate the image in half (instead of quadrants) and have students respond to what they observe in the bottom of the image versus the top, then put the cartoon together. In addition to questions discussed in our lesson, more could be asked:

  • Who is the audience this cartoon is intended for
  • What does this cartoon represent?

Reference link: http://www.loc.gov/resource/acd.2a09930/

Reference note

Summary

  • Cartoon shows the Emperor Napoleon as a statue atop a column kneeling down to look at cheering crowds shouting "Vive Wilson" below. When President Wilson arrived in Paris in December 1918 at the end of World War I to participate in the Peace Conference, he was welcomed by enthusiastic crowds who gave him credit for ending the war. The cartoonist suggests that Napoleon would have viewed this spectacle with disdain.

Created / Published

  • [1918 Dec.?]

Genre

  • Editorial cartoons--American
  • Drawings

Notes

  • -  (DLC/PP-1944:0008.6)
  • -  Probably published in: New York World.
  • -  jr / 860513; ljr 970529.

Repository

Digital Id

  • acd 2a09930 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/acd.2a09930

'Woodrow Wilson 1923 Radio Address - Armistice Day'

Teaching Notes

*This is a few months before Wilson passes, and the US has failed to join the League of Nations, so Woodrow Wilson's language is hopeful yet defeated* Speech was recorded on November 10, 1923

Methods: Language Analysis

Read transcript https://sites.google.com/view/wwpleducation1923speech/home 

Who do you think is the intended audience for this speech?

What words stand out to you?

How is listening to the sound recording different from reading the speech?

Listen:

What do you hear?

How does Wilson sound?

Bonus: This is the first national radio address done by a former president live. It is also the earliest known recorded address from the radio. A lesson on technology could be done as well.

  9 - 12    13+    Social Studies/History    radio    speech    sound recording  

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kkr3n3QF9yo

Reference note

'Delivered from his Washington, DC home on November 10, 1923, the recording is the earliest known of a radio broadcast - and may have been the first remote (non-studio) radio broadcast. Learn More: https://www.c-span.org/video/?415923-1/woodrow-wilson-world-war'

LOC has provided context for the recording: https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/WilsonsArmisticeDayBroadcast.pdf 

Frist Draft of Armistice October 1918.jpg

Teaching Notes

Teaching Strategy: Language Comparison

Reference link: https://presidentwilson.org/exhibits/show/teachwwiera/item/24315

Reference note

This is the official Draft of the Armistice itself that would be taken to Germany. This could be compared with other drafts and the final version taken to Germany to say what is the same. (To Be added later)

This item is originally from the Wilson Papers in the Library of Congress scanned by a WWPL volunteer for teaching resources years ago, as the Wilson Papers are somewhat difficult to search through. The original link for the LOC will be added, but this has been transcribed and can be used in the classroom as part of the LOC Fair Use Agreements.

Cover of Wilsons Address to Congress July 10 1919.png

Teaching Notes

1919 July 10. Wilson's address to the Senate regarding the signing of the Peace Treaty.

Wilson points out the positive aspects for the future and uses a lot of language to promote the ratification of the treaty and the future of the League of Nations.

Teaching Method:

This speech could be analyzed by students who are looking to see how Wilson's speech changed between this one and the Fourteen Points speech:

  • What has changed
  • What is different
  • How does Wilson sound about peace
  • How does Wilson sound about the Allied forces
  • How does Wilson sound about Germany

  6 - 8    9 - 12    13+    Library    Social Studies/History    Speech    Treaty    President    WWI    Congress  

Reference link: https://presidentwilson.org/items/show/22081

Reference note

Wilson, Woodrow, 1856-1924, “Address to Congress,” 1919 July 10, WWP15809, Cary T. Grayson Papers, Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library & Museum, Staunton, Virginia.

Versailles. Réunion du comité interalliés

Teaching Notes

Strategy: Photo Analysis-

Analyze this photo without context. 

What do you notice first? What people or objects are shown?

What do you wonder about?

Why do you think this was made? What can you learn from examining this image?

Next level with context using the LOC summary.

What do notice about the people in this photo?

How does the photo make you feel?

  6 - 8    9 - 12    13+    Social Studies/History    treaty    politics    ww1  

Reference link: http://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.50568/

Reference note

Summary

  • Photograph shows the interior of a large room with members of a committee of allied nations reading documents related to the proposed peace treaty following World War I.

Created / Published

  • [1919]

Genre

  • Gelatin silver prints--1910-1920

Notes

  • -  Title from item.
  • -  Inscribed in pencil on verso: W 2652.
  • -  Stamped on verso: Library of Congress Order Division Jul 14 1981 Copy 6.
  • -  Inscribed in pencil below stamp on verso: 0109511.
  • -  Forms part of: Helen Johns Kirtland and Lucian Swift Kirtland photographs of World War I in Europe (Library of Congress).
  • -  Exhibited: "Echoes of the Great War : American Experiences of WW I" in the Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., Nov. 2017 - June 2018.
  • -  Accession box no. DLC/PP-1981:255 c1 f1

Repository

Digital Id

  • ppmsca 50568 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.50568

Draft of the Covenant of the League of Nations

Teaching Notes

Draft of the Covenant of the League of Nations

(Needs to be transcribed)

This official draft could be compared to some of Dr. Cary Grayson's diary entries on Wilson's conversation with the Big Four (plus Japan) on what should be included. Questions to be asked:

  • After reading Grayson's diary about the various meetings, what do you see that changed? Did anything stay the same?

  Treaty    WoodrowWilson    LeagueofNations    Democracy    Draft    WWI    Peace  

Reference link: http://www.loc.gov/resource/mss46029.mss46029-099_0018_1186/?sp=646&r=-0.361,-0.129,1.899,0.87,0

Reference note

Created / Published

  • August 20, 1918 - September 16, 1918

Genre

  • Manuscripts

Repository

  • Manuscript Division

Digital Id

Image 158 of World War history : daily records and comments as appeared in American and foreign newspapers, 1914-1926 (New York), November 1, 1919, (1919 November 1-30)

Teaching Notes

Newspaper Article about "killing the treaty" in November 1919 after Woodrow Wilson has to end his Western Tour. The language is very disheartening about Wilson's vision and something could be done with this about tone.

  9 - 12    6 - 8    13+    Library    Social Studies/History    Treaty    Newspaper  

Reference link: http://www.loc.gov/resource/2004540423/1919-11-01/ed-1/?sp=158

Reference note

Created / Published

  • New York, November 1, 1919

Notes

  • -  English and German.
  • -  Chronologically arranged clippings of news articles, editorials and letters to the editor appearing in more than 100 American and Canadian newspapers.

Woodrow Wilson's Shorthand draft of his "Fourteen Points" Speech, January 8, 1918

Teaching Notes

Page 1 of Wilson's Shorthand speech of the Fourteen Points. Though this method of shorthand is hard to decipher, there are some things students can look for such as the scratched out loop in the center to show this page has been deciphered and either typed or rewritten, check marks and side notes added. 

Wilson's Final speech can be found in this album, and here: 22057

9 - 12    6 - 8    Social Studies/History    Library    Shorthand    FirstDraft    PresidentialSpeeches  

Reference link: http://www.loc.gov/resource/mss46029.mss46029-480_0018_0618/?sp=334&st=image

Reference note

Created / Published

  • September 30, 1918 - March 3, 1921

Genre

  • Manuscripts

Repository

  • Manuscript Division

Digital Id

The "Big Four" at the Paris Peace Conference

Teaching Notes

Lesson on: Introduction to the "Big Four" - What does it mean to be a world leader, how do you think they feel? What does this image tell us?

Fun: Image can be also used to add "thought bubbles" to and have students think about what each person is thinking at the time of this photo being taken. This photo is said to be taken right after final decisions were made and before the signing.

  3 - 5    6 - 8    9 - 12    13+    Library    Social Studies/History    WorldLeaders    HistoricPhoto    President    King    WWI    Paris  

Reference link: http://www.loc.gov/resource/ggbain.29038/

Reference note

Created / Published

  • [between ca. 1915 and ca. 1920

Genre

  • Glass negatives

Notes

  • -  Title from unverified data provided by the Bain News Service on the negatives or caption cards.
  • -  Photo by Edward Jackson.
  • -  Photo shows "Big Four" world leaders at World War I Peace Conference in Paris, May 27, 1919. From left to right: Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Premier Vittorio Orlando, Premier Georges Clemenceau, and President Woodrow Wilson.
  • -  Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).
  • -  General information about the George Grantham Bain Collection is available at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ggbain

Repository

Digital Id

  • ggbain 29038 //hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.29038

New-York tribune. [volume], March 04, 1919, Image 1

Teaching Notes

Reporting out on how senators rejected Wilson's interest in America joining the league of nations, before Woodrow Wilson even concludes the Paris Peace Talks.

Reference link: https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-03-04/ed-1/seq-1

Reference note

Newspaper: New-York tribune. [volume] (New York [N.Y.]) 1866-1924
Newspaper Link: https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-03-04/ed-1/seq-1
Image provided by: Library of Congress, Washington, DC
PDF Link: https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-03-04/ed-1/seq-1.pdf

The Washington times. [volume], February 14, 1919, FINAL EDITION, Image 1

Teaching Notes

Reporting information for the constitution of the League of Nations. 

This is a copy/paste of the original constitution instituted at the League of Nations soon after conversations began in January 1919. This can be compared to Wilson's "Fourteen Points" speech where he discusses creating a league and what language is there.

  9 - 12    6 - 8    13+    Social Studies/History    Newspaper    LeagueofNations    Constitution    1919    WoodrowWilson  

Reference link: https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1919-02-14/ed-1/seq-1

Reference note

Newspaper: The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939
Newspaper Link: https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1919-02-14/ed-1/seq-1
Image provided by: Library of Congress, Washington, DC
PDF Link: https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1919-02-14/ed-1/seq-1.pdf